What is Viscose Fabric? Properties, How It’s Made, and Its Uses

Viscose fabric, commonly referred to as rayon, is a versatile and semi-synthetic textile derived from natural materials. Historically known as "artificial silk," viscose was developed as an affordable and versatile alternative to real silk, offering similar qualities at a lower cost. Known for its smooth texture and subtle sheen resembling silk, viscose offers a luxurious yet affordable option. This blog dives into everything you need to know about viscose fabric, from its production process to its applications and sustainability.

What is Viscose Fabric?

Viscose fabric is made from cellulose fibers extracted from wood pulp or bamboo. These natural materials are chemically processed to create a soft, lightweight fabric with excellent drape. Due to its luxurious feel and breathable properties, viscose is often used as an alternative to expensive fabrics like silk. Viscose is frequently chosen over natural fibers for its affordability and similar qualities. Here is what makes viscose stand out:

• Smooth and Silky Texture: With a subtle sheen, it mimics the appearance and feel of real silk.

• Fluid Draping Qualities: Viscose is often woven to achieve its elegant, fluid drape, adding sophistication to designs.

• Moisture-Wicking: Keeps wearers comfortable, making it ideal for clothing and performance textiles. Viscose also helps dissipate body heat, enhancing comfort in warm conditions.

• Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Can be made from sustainable sources like bamboo.

When comparing these two fabrics, viscose and cotton are both commonly used in warm-weather clothing for their breathability and comfort.

From stylish evening wear to versatile activewear, viscose effortlessly combines form and function.

Types of Viscose Fabric

There are many rayons, each with unique properties and applications. Viscose and its variants are made from cellulose fiber derived from various sources. Viscose comes in several forms, each tailored to specific needs. Here’s a breakdown of the different variations:

1. High Wet Modulus (HWM) Rayon

• HWM rayons are a class of rayons known for their strength and stability.

• Dimensionally stable and resistant to shrinkage.

• Common in garments requiring durability, like activewear.

1. Cuprammonium Rayon

• Created through a unique process for a softer and more delicate feel.

• Can be made from cotton linter, a high-quality cellulose source.

• Ideal for lightweight garments and luxury fabrics.

1. Polynosic Fibers (Modal, Lyocell)

• Exceedingly soft, breathable, and excellent at moisture management.

• Often used in intimate apparel and loungewear.

1. Bamboo Viscose

• Sourced from bamboo cellulose, a fast growing grass, offering high sustainability and eco-friendliness.

• A popular choice in textiles marketed as environmentally friendly.

1. Blended Viscose

• Mixed with fibers like cotton or polyester for unique texture and performance.

• Some viscose blends are used in household items like towels and bedsheets.

• Enhances the strength or longevity of the fabric.

In the fiber spinning process, viscose fibers are spun into yarn before being woven into fabric.

Each type of viscose fabric delivers specific benefits, catering to diverse industry needs. These rayons offer a range of options for different applications.

The Production Process of Viscose Fabric

Commercial production of viscose involves several chemical and mechanical steps. The manufacturing process involves a combination of natural materials and chemical treatments. Here’s how it works:

1. Raw Material Collection

• Wood cellulose is extracted from trees, often starting with wood chips or bamboo, which serve as the base for cellulose extraction.

1. Cellulose Processing

• Cellulose is processed with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to form a thick, viscous solution—giving rise to the name "viscose." The reaction with carbon disulfide forms cellulose xanthate, a key intermediate in the process.

1. Fiber Spinning

• The solution is extruded through spinnerets and solidified using sulfuric acid. The resulting product is a rayon fiber, which is then spun into threads or yarns.

1. Refinement

• Additional chemical treatments refine the fabric and enhance its properties.

The production of viscose, while effective for creating rayon fiber, involves toxic chemicals and raises environmental and health concerns. Alternatives like the lyocell process employ a closed-loop system, significantly reducing environmental impact. This makes lyocell a more sustainable production method.

High Wet Modulus Rayon Explained

One standout type of viscose fabric is High Wet Modulus (HWM) rayon. Here’s what sets it apart:

• Durability: Resistant to shrinkage and deformation, making it ideal for performance-oriented textiles.

• Comfort: Soft and breathable, ensuring flexibility and long-wear comfort.

• Applications: Commonly used in outdoor gear, activewear, and garments requiring high strength.

Compared to other rayons like standard viscose or cuprammonium rayon, HWM rayons offer superior wet strength and stability, making them especially suitable for demanding applications.

The production of HWM rayon involves specialized techniques and equipment, ensuring a quality fabric for high-performance needs.

Sustainability in Viscose Fabric Production

The growing demand for environmentally responsible fabrics positions viscose as a sustainable alternative to traditional textiles like cotton and polyester. Here’s why:

• Eco-Friendly Raw Materials

• Made from renewable resources like wood pulp and bamboo. Eucalyptus trees are another sustainable source of cellulose for viscose production, valued for their water efficiency and self-regeneration. Sugar cane can also be used in crop rotation with cotton to improve land sustainability and soil health.

• Closed-Loop Systems

• Processes such as lyocell production recycle water and minimize chemical waste.

• Recyclability and Reuse

• Viscose fabrics can be recycled, reducing waste in the fashion industry.

Additionally, viscose production supports local economies and promotes sustainable agriculture in many developing regions. Brands that prioritize sustainability also incorporate certifications to ensure accountability.

China is currently the largest producer of viscose, which significantly impacts global sustainability efforts.

Certifications and Standards for Viscose Fabrics

Buying certified viscose fabric ensures safety and eco-friendliness. Some important certifications include:

• Oeko-Tex Standard 100

• Validates fabric safety and sustainability.

• Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS)

• Ensures adherence to organic and sustainable production practices.

• FSC Certification (Forest Stewardship Council)

• Guarantees raw materials are sourced from responsibly managed forests.

These certifications offer transparency, allowing businesses to align with sustainable practices while earning consumer trust.

Practical Applications of Viscose Fabric

Viscose’s versatility makes it suitable across various sectors, including:

1. Fashion Industry

• Evening gowns, blouses, trousers, and intimate wear use viscose for its luxurious drape and soft feel. Viscose fabrics are often woven to achieve their characteristic drape and feel.

1. Home Textiles

• Curtains, upholstery, and bed linen benefit from its breathable and aesthetic qualities. Viscose is also commonly used in household items such as pajamas, towels, and bedsheets.

1. Activewear and Sports Textiles

• Moisture-wicking properties make it a preferred choice for performance apparel.

1. Blended Fabrics

• Used in clothing that combines durability with aesthetic appeal.

Viscose’s adaptability ensures it remains a top-tier choice for manufacturers and traders alike. However, it is important to note that viscose fabrics are highly flammable and should be handled with care, especially in home and apparel applications.

Care and Maintenance of Viscose Fabric

Viscose fabrics, whether made from wood pulp, bamboo, or other natural sources, are prized for their smooth texture, subtle sheen, and luxurious feel. However, these semi-synthetic fabrics require special care to preserve their excellent drape and soft texture. Because viscose fibers are derived from regenerated cellulose and processed using methods like the viscose process or cuprammonium rayon, they can be more delicate than other fabrics such as organic cotton or synthetic fibers.

Washing Viscose Fabrics:To maintain the integrity of viscose rayon and bamboo fabric, it’s best to hand wash garments in cold water with a mild detergent. The gentle approach helps prevent the rayon fibers from breaking or losing their shape. If you must use a washing machine, select a delicate cycle and place the fabric in a mesh laundry bag to minimize agitation. Avoid wringing or twisting viscose fabrics, as this can stretch the cellulose fibers and cause the fabric to lose its fluid drape.

Drying and Ironing:After washing, remove excess liquid by laying the fabric flat on a clean towel and gently pressing—never wring or twist. Allow viscose fabrics to air dry away from direct sunlight or high heat, which can cause fading or discoloration. When ironing is needed, do so while the fabric is still slightly damp, using a low heat setting and a pressing cloth to protect the surface. Avoid using steam, as it can cause the viscose fibers to shrink or become misshapen.

Stain Removal and Chemical Use:For stains, opt for a mild stain remover and avoid harsh chemicals, bleach, or fabric softeners, as these can damage the delicate structure of viscose fibers. The use of strong chemicals can also affect the naturally breathable and moisture-wicking properties that make viscose fabrics so comfortable to wear.

Special Considerations:Some viscose fabrics, such as those produced using the lyocell process or high wet modulus rayon, may be more durable and easier to care for. Always check the care label for specific instructions, as the production method—whether it’s traditional viscose, modal, or tencel lyocell—can influence the recommended maintenance routine.

Comparison to Other Fabrics:Compared to organic cotton or synthetic fibers, viscose fabrics require more delicate handling. While cotton and many synthetic fibers can withstand higher temperatures and more vigorous washing, viscose’s semi-synthetic nature and unique production process mean it benefits from a gentler touch.

Summary:By following these care and maintenance tips—gentle washing, careful drying, low-heat ironing, and avoiding harsh chemicals—you can extend the life of your viscose fabrics and keep them looking their best. Whether you’re caring for viscose rayon, bamboo fabric, or other types of rayon fibers, proper maintenance ensures you continue to enjoy their luxurious feel, excellent drape, and naturally breathable qualities for years to come. Always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions and remember that a little extra care goes a long way in preserving the beauty and performance of viscose fabrics.

Why Choose Viscose for Your Industry?

Viscose fabric offers an excellent balance of quality, sustainability, and versatility. Its soft texture and skin-friendly properties provide consumers with comfort and style, while its cost-effective production makes it appealing for businesses. For garment wholesalers, manufacturers, and textile traders, viscose is a material that meets modern expectations of performance and eco-consciousness.